Smart Farming using Machine Learning
Keywords:
Smart Farming, Machine Learning in Agriculture, IoT based Soil Monitoring, Crop Disease Diagnosis, Fertilizer Recommendation System.
Abstract
Abstract. The traditional farming sector is undergoing a revolution with the
integration of smart technologies like machine learning and IoT. This research
paper discusses a smart farming model that enables farmers to diagnose crop
health issues by analyzing images of affected crops and relevant soil data, such
as pH and moisture. The system leverages machine learning algorithms to detect
crop diseases and provide actionable recommendations, including the type and
quantity of fertilizers, insecticides, or pesticides needed. This model promises
to enhance agricultural productivity, reduce chemical misuse, and increase
sustainability
References
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Toxic Comment Detection with BiLSTM-Based Deep Learning Model,” 2024 International
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Health: A Deep Learning-Based Model for Disease Detection and Classification,” 2024
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Greater Noida, India, 2024, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/WPMC63271.2024.10863138.
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S. (eds) Cyber Intelligence and Information Retrieval. CIIR 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks
and Systems, vol. 1139. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7603-0_24
5. D. Raj, A. K. Gupta and K. Rama Krishna, “Comparative Analysis of Different Approaches
for Cyber Forensics,” 2024 4th International Conference on Technological Advancements in
Computational Sciences (ICTACS), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2024, pp. 42–47, doi: 10.1109/
ICTACS62700.2024.10840964
6. Raj, D., Ather, D. & Sagar, A.K. “Advancing Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network Solutions in
Emerging Economies: A Comparative Analysis of V2V Protocols Through Simulation
Studies”. SN COMPUT. SCI. 5, 1077 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-03411-1
7. Bhardwaj, A., Sharma, A., Raj, D., Ather, D., Sagar, A. K., & Jain, V. (2025). “Dynamic
and Scalable Privacy-Preserving Group Data Sharing in Secure Cloud Computing”. In N.
Chaubey & N. Chaubey (Eds.), Advanced Cyber Security Techniques for Data, Blockchain,
IoT, and Network Protection (pp. 89-122). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.
org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9225-6.ch004
8. Singhal, R., Jain, V., & Raj, D. (2025). “E-Health Transforming Healthcare Delivery With
AI, Blockchain, and Cloud”. In M. Lytras, A. Alkhaldi, & P. Ordóñez de Pablos (Eds.),
Harnessing AI, Blockchain, and Cloud Computing for Enhanced e-Government Services
(pp. 475-510). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7678-2.
ch015
9. Gupta, R., Adhikari, M. S., Raj, D., Jain, V., Sagar, A. K., & Ather, D. (2024). “Blockchain
in Web3.0”. In K. Abhishek & C. Chakraborty (Eds.), Blockchain-Based Solutions for
Accessibility in Smart Cities (pp. 171-204). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-
3402-7.ch007
10. Pranjal, Vaishnavi, Divyansh, Raj, D., Jain, V., Agarwal, A.K. (2024). “Adversarial Attacks
on Neural Networks”. In: Dutta, S., Bhattacharya, A., Shahnaz, C., Chakrabarti, S. (eds)
Cyber Intelligence and Information Retrieval. CIIR 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and
Systems, vol 1025. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3594-5_34.
11. Gandhar A.; Gupta K.; Pandey A.K.; Raj D., “Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning and
Deep Learning”, 2024, SN Computer Science, Volume-5, Issue-5, DOI: 10.1007/s42979-024-
02772-x
12. Prajapati A.; Gupta A.; Mishra S.; Raj D.; Singh M.K.; Goyal M.K., “An Exploration on
Big Data Analytical Techniques: A Review”, 2024, Proceedings of the 18th INDIAcom; 11th
International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development, INDIACom
2024, pp: 123-128, DOI: 10.23919/INDIACom61295.2024.10498836
13. Chaudhary A.; Krishna K.C.; Shadik M.; Raj D., “Detection of Phishing Link Using Different
Machine Learning Techniques”, 2024, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Volume-896,
pp: 63-77, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9811-1_6
14. Rai S.; Upadhyay A.K.; Sharma D.; Raj D.; Gupta A.K.; Ather D., “Quantum cryptography-A
modern approach”, 2023, Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography,
Volume-26, Issue-7, pp: 1991-2006, DOI: 10.47974/JDMSC-1839
15. Raj D.; Sagar A.K., “Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks: A Review on Applications and Security”,
2023, Communications in Computer and Information Science, Volume-1921 CCIS, pp: 241-
255, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45124-9_19
16. Dhoundiyal S.; Arora A.; Mohakud S.; Patadia K.; Gupta A.K.; Raj D., “A Multilingual Text
to Speech Engine Hindi-English: Hinglish”, 2023, Proceedings of the 12th International
Conference on System Modeling and Advancement in Research Trends, SMART-2023, pp:
480-485, DOI: 10.1109/SMART59791.2023.10428607
17. Santhan A.; Tomar A.K.; Arora V.; Raj D., “Tank water flow automation”, 2023, Artificial
Intelligence, Blockchain, Computing and Security: Volume 1, Volume-1, pp: 924-928, DOI:
10.1201/9781003393580-138
18. Chaudhary A.; Krishna K.C.; Shadik M.; Raj D., “A review on malicious link detection
techniques”, 2023, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Computing and Security: Volume 1,
Volume-1, pp: 768-777, DOI: 10.1201/9781003393580-114
19. Ali S.A.; Roy N.R.; Raj D., “Software Defect Prediction using Machine Learning”, 2023,
Proceedings of the 17th INDIACom; 10th International Conference on Computing for
Sustainable Global Development, INDIACom 2023, pp: 639-642.
20. Borges, Tanya and Rai, Akash and Raj, Dharm and Ather, Danish and Gupta, Keshav, “Kidney
Stone Detection using Ultrasound Images” (July 14, 2022). Proceedings of the Advancement
in Electronics & Communication Engineering 2022, Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/
ssrn.4159208
21. Jain, Ashima and Sarkar, Arup and Ather, Danish and Raj, Dharm, “Temperature Based
Automatic Fan Speed Control System using Arduino” (July 14, 2022). Proceedings of the
Advancement in Electronics & Communication Engineering 2022, Available at SSRN: http://
dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4159188 .
22. Challa, Neha and Baishya, Kriti and Rohatgi, Vinayak and Gupta, Keshav and Ather, Danish
and Raj, Dharm, “Recent Advances in Sign Language Detection: A Brief Survey” (July 14,
2022). Proceedings of the Advancement in Electronics & Communication Engineering 2022,
Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4157565
23. Malhotra, Chiranjeev and, Devanshu and Sharma, Sourav and Arquam, Md. and Maini, Tarun
and Raj, Dharm, “Complete Medical Solutions With InstaMedi” (July 14, 2022). Proceedings
of the Advancement in Electronics & Communication Engineering 2022, Available at http://
dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4159204.
24. Agarwal A.K.; Ather D.; Astya R.; Parygin D.; Garg A.; Raj D., “Analysis of Environmental
Factors for Smart Farming: An Internet of Things Based Approach”, 2021, Proceedings of
the 10th International Conference on System Modeling and Advancement in Research Trends,
SMART 2021, pp: 210-214, DOI: 10.1109/SMART52563.2021.9676305
25. Ojha R.P.; Raj D.; Srivastava P.K.; Sanyal G., “Gaussian tendencies in data flow in
communication links”, 2018, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Volume-729,
pp: 499-505, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8536-9_48
26. Srivastava M.; Singh H.M.; Gupta M.; Raj D., “Digital watermarking using spatial domain
and triple des”, 2016, Proceedings of the 10th INDIACom; 3rd International Conference on
Computing for Sustainable Global Development, INDIACom 2016, pp: 3031–3035
27. Kumar S.; Raj D., “A contemporary approach to hybrid expert systems: Case base reasoning”,
2010, 2010 International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology,
ICCCT-2010, pp: 736–740, DOI: 10.1109/ICCCT.2010.5640376
28. Raj D.; Tripathi R.C., “Method for generating 3-dimensional wireframe model from different
2-dimensional drawings”, 2010, NISS2010 - 4th International Conference on New Trends in
Information Science and Service Science, pp: 313-318
29. “Precision Agriculture: Technology and Applications” by Rajendra Persaud
30. “Agricultural Robotics: Automation and Emerging Technologies” by John Billingsley
31. “Machine Learning for Agriculture: Predictive Analytics for Farming” by Srinivasa Salineni
32. “IoT in Agriculture: Emerging Trends and Technologies” by Suresh Sundar
33. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): (weather forecasting)
34. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): (agricultural research and data)
35. International Society for Precision Agriculture (ISPA): (precision agriculture resources)
36. Machine Learning for Agriculture (ML4Ag): (machine learning applications in agriculture)
37. Machine Learning in Agriculture: A Review Paper by S.Rao et al. (2020)
38. Precision Farming using IoT and Machine Learning by A.K.Singh et al. (2019)
39. Agricultural Yield Prediction using Machine Learning by S.K.Goyal et al. (2018)
40. IoT based Smart Farming: A Survey by S.Iyer et al. (2019)
Event Attribute Information”. SN COMPUT. SCI. 6, 290 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/
s42979-025-03781-0.
2. Naitik, D. Raj, D. K. Rajan, A. K. Gupta, A. K. Agrawal and K. R. Krishna, “Enhancing
Toxic Comment Detection with BiLSTM-Based Deep Learning Model,” 2024 International
Conference on Information Science and Communications Technologies (ICISCT), Seoul,
Korea, Republic of, 2024, pp. 206-211, doi: 10.1109/ICISCT64202.2024.10956568.
3. S. Singh, P. Prakash, G. Baghel, A. Singh, D. Raj and A. K. Agrawal, “Banana Crop
Health: A Deep Learning-Based Model for Disease Detection and Classification,” 2024
27th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC),
Greater Noida, India, 2024, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/WPMC63271.2024.10863138.
4. Adhikari, M.S., Gupta, R., Raj, D., Astya, R., Ather, D., Agrawal, A. (2025). Prevention of
Attacks on Spanning Tree Protocol. In: Dutta, S., Bhattacharya, A., Shahnaz, C., Chakrabarti,
S. (eds) Cyber Intelligence and Information Retrieval. CIIR 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks
and Systems, vol. 1139. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7603-0_24
5. D. Raj, A. K. Gupta and K. Rama Krishna, “Comparative Analysis of Different Approaches
for Cyber Forensics,” 2024 4th International Conference on Technological Advancements in
Computational Sciences (ICTACS), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2024, pp. 42–47, doi: 10.1109/
ICTACS62700.2024.10840964
6. Raj, D., Ather, D. & Sagar, A.K. “Advancing Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network Solutions in
Emerging Economies: A Comparative Analysis of V2V Protocols Through Simulation
Studies”. SN COMPUT. SCI. 5, 1077 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-03411-1
7. Bhardwaj, A., Sharma, A., Raj, D., Ather, D., Sagar, A. K., & Jain, V. (2025). “Dynamic
and Scalable Privacy-Preserving Group Data Sharing in Secure Cloud Computing”. In N.
Chaubey & N. Chaubey (Eds.), Advanced Cyber Security Techniques for Data, Blockchain,
IoT, and Network Protection (pp. 89-122). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.
org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9225-6.ch004
8. Singhal, R., Jain, V., & Raj, D. (2025). “E-Health Transforming Healthcare Delivery With
AI, Blockchain, and Cloud”. In M. Lytras, A. Alkhaldi, & P. Ordóñez de Pablos (Eds.),
Harnessing AI, Blockchain, and Cloud Computing for Enhanced e-Government Services
(pp. 475-510). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7678-2.
ch015
9. Gupta, R., Adhikari, M. S., Raj, D., Jain, V., Sagar, A. K., & Ather, D. (2024). “Blockchain
in Web3.0”. In K. Abhishek & C. Chakraborty (Eds.), Blockchain-Based Solutions for
Accessibility in Smart Cities (pp. 171-204). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-
3402-7.ch007
10. Pranjal, Vaishnavi, Divyansh, Raj, D., Jain, V., Agarwal, A.K. (2024). “Adversarial Attacks
on Neural Networks”. In: Dutta, S., Bhattacharya, A., Shahnaz, C., Chakrabarti, S. (eds)
Cyber Intelligence and Information Retrieval. CIIR 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and
Systems, vol 1025. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3594-5_34.
11. Gandhar A.; Gupta K.; Pandey A.K.; Raj D., “Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning and
Deep Learning”, 2024, SN Computer Science, Volume-5, Issue-5, DOI: 10.1007/s42979-024-
02772-x
12. Prajapati A.; Gupta A.; Mishra S.; Raj D.; Singh M.K.; Goyal M.K., “An Exploration on
Big Data Analytical Techniques: A Review”, 2024, Proceedings of the 18th INDIAcom; 11th
International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development, INDIACom
2024, pp: 123-128, DOI: 10.23919/INDIACom61295.2024.10498836
13. Chaudhary A.; Krishna K.C.; Shadik M.; Raj D., “Detection of Phishing Link Using Different
Machine Learning Techniques”, 2024, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Volume-896,
pp: 63-77, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9811-1_6
14. Rai S.; Upadhyay A.K.; Sharma D.; Raj D.; Gupta A.K.; Ather D., “Quantum cryptography-A
modern approach”, 2023, Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography,
Volume-26, Issue-7, pp: 1991-2006, DOI: 10.47974/JDMSC-1839
15. Raj D.; Sagar A.K., “Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks: A Review on Applications and Security”,
2023, Communications in Computer and Information Science, Volume-1921 CCIS, pp: 241-
255, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45124-9_19
16. Dhoundiyal S.; Arora A.; Mohakud S.; Patadia K.; Gupta A.K.; Raj D., “A Multilingual Text
to Speech Engine Hindi-English: Hinglish”, 2023, Proceedings of the 12th International
Conference on System Modeling and Advancement in Research Trends, SMART-2023, pp:
480-485, DOI: 10.1109/SMART59791.2023.10428607
17. Santhan A.; Tomar A.K.; Arora V.; Raj D., “Tank water flow automation”, 2023, Artificial
Intelligence, Blockchain, Computing and Security: Volume 1, Volume-1, pp: 924-928, DOI:
10.1201/9781003393580-138
18. Chaudhary A.; Krishna K.C.; Shadik M.; Raj D., “A review on malicious link detection
techniques”, 2023, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Computing and Security: Volume 1,
Volume-1, pp: 768-777, DOI: 10.1201/9781003393580-114
19. Ali S.A.; Roy N.R.; Raj D., “Software Defect Prediction using Machine Learning”, 2023,
Proceedings of the 17th INDIACom; 10th International Conference on Computing for
Sustainable Global Development, INDIACom 2023, pp: 639-642.
20. Borges, Tanya and Rai, Akash and Raj, Dharm and Ather, Danish and Gupta, Keshav, “Kidney
Stone Detection using Ultrasound Images” (July 14, 2022). Proceedings of the Advancement
in Electronics & Communication Engineering 2022, Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/
ssrn.4159208
21. Jain, Ashima and Sarkar, Arup and Ather, Danish and Raj, Dharm, “Temperature Based
Automatic Fan Speed Control System using Arduino” (July 14, 2022). Proceedings of the
Advancement in Electronics & Communication Engineering 2022, Available at SSRN: http://
dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4159188 .
22. Challa, Neha and Baishya, Kriti and Rohatgi, Vinayak and Gupta, Keshav and Ather, Danish
and Raj, Dharm, “Recent Advances in Sign Language Detection: A Brief Survey” (July 14,
2022). Proceedings of the Advancement in Electronics & Communication Engineering 2022,
Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4157565
23. Malhotra, Chiranjeev and, Devanshu and Sharma, Sourav and Arquam, Md. and Maini, Tarun
and Raj, Dharm, “Complete Medical Solutions With InstaMedi” (July 14, 2022). Proceedings
of the Advancement in Electronics & Communication Engineering 2022, Available at http://
dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4159204.
24. Agarwal A.K.; Ather D.; Astya R.; Parygin D.; Garg A.; Raj D., “Analysis of Environmental
Factors for Smart Farming: An Internet of Things Based Approach”, 2021, Proceedings of
the 10th International Conference on System Modeling and Advancement in Research Trends,
SMART 2021, pp: 210-214, DOI: 10.1109/SMART52563.2021.9676305
25. Ojha R.P.; Raj D.; Srivastava P.K.; Sanyal G., “Gaussian tendencies in data flow in
communication links”, 2018, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Volume-729,
pp: 499-505, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8536-9_48
26. Srivastava M.; Singh H.M.; Gupta M.; Raj D., “Digital watermarking using spatial domain
and triple des”, 2016, Proceedings of the 10th INDIACom; 3rd International Conference on
Computing for Sustainable Global Development, INDIACom 2016, pp: 3031–3035
27. Kumar S.; Raj D., “A contemporary approach to hybrid expert systems: Case base reasoning”,
2010, 2010 International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology,
ICCCT-2010, pp: 736–740, DOI: 10.1109/ICCCT.2010.5640376
28. Raj D.; Tripathi R.C., “Method for generating 3-dimensional wireframe model from different
2-dimensional drawings”, 2010, NISS2010 - 4th International Conference on New Trends in
Information Science and Service Science, pp: 313-318
29. “Precision Agriculture: Technology and Applications” by Rajendra Persaud
30. “Agricultural Robotics: Automation and Emerging Technologies” by John Billingsley
31. “Machine Learning for Agriculture: Predictive Analytics for Farming” by Srinivasa Salineni
32. “IoT in Agriculture: Emerging Trends and Technologies” by Suresh Sundar
33. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): (weather forecasting)
34. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): (agricultural research and data)
35. International Society for Precision Agriculture (ISPA): (precision agriculture resources)
36. Machine Learning for Agriculture (ML4Ag): (machine learning applications in agriculture)
37. Machine Learning in Agriculture: A Review Paper by S.Rao et al. (2020)
38. Precision Farming using IoT and Machine Learning by A.K.Singh et al. (2019)
39. Agricultural Yield Prediction using Machine Learning by S.K.Goyal et al. (2018)
40. IoT based Smart Farming: A Survey by S.Iyer et al. (2019)
Published
2025-05-09
How to Cite
Ashish Sharma. (2025). Smart Farming using Machine Learning. MATRIX Academic International Online Journal Of Engineering And Technology, 8(1), 1-13. Retrieved from https://maiojet.com/index.php/matrix/article/view/76
Section
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